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Xi'an's Ming-dynasty city wall is one of the best-preserved ancient fortifications in China, forming a 13.7 km rectangular loop around the old city centre. Completed in 1370 under Emperor Hongwu, the wall stands 12 metres high.
Built on the foundations of the earlier Tang imperial city, the wall was expanded during the Ming dynasty. Major restoration campaigns in the 1980s and 2000s reinforced the structure.